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Abstract: Autoimmune
encephalitis is a progressive inflammation of the brain, from acute to
subacute, associated with antibodies against neuronal cell surface and synaptic
protein, most commonly encephalitis against the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
receptor. New significant findings on etiology show that autoimmune
encephalitis is triggered by several etiologies, for example neoplastic
processes (breast, lung, kidney, thyroid cancer, ovarian teratoma, and B-cell
lymphoma) but also by infections of the nervous system, such as herpes
encephalitis. Antibodies against neuronal surface structures are usually direct
pathogens and develop their effect through internalization of target proteins,
through receptor blockade or complement activation. The type and titer of the
antibody e.g. against NMDA receptors, Gamma Amino Butyric (GABA),
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors or
voltage-gated potassium channel complexes. An associated tumor, biomarkers,
imaging studies, and cerebrospinal fluid are decisive for the prognosis. We
present the clinical case of a male patient in the fourth decade of life who is
diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis, we will address the diagnosis and
treatment.
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