Title:
Endocrine-immunological Interactions in Autoimmune Diseases

Authors:
Aghayeva Asiya Haji, Valiyeva Gulnara Jafar, Mashadiyeva-Bayramova Sabina Anvar, Kazimova Mehriban Mamoy, Bayramov Adil Allahyar, Azerbaijan

Abstract:

Autoimmune diseases result from complex interactions between the immune and endocrine systems. Hormonal imbalances not only reflect immune dysfunction but also modulate immune responses, influencing susceptibility, progression, and severity of autoimmune disorders. A deeper understanding of this bidirectional crosstalk is clinically relevant for improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This review aims to address gaps in the literature regarding the molecular mechanisms linking hormonal regulation with immune modulation. This article explores the bidirectional crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems, highlighting key hormones involved in immune modulation and their roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves' disease, Addison’s disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.51505/ijmshr.2025.9405